1. Nonclinical evaluation of the serum pharmacodynamic biomarkers HGF and shed MET following dosing with the anti-MET monovalent monoclonal antibody onartuzumab
Ellen Filvaroff, William Mallet, Youjun Chen, Jing Peng, Elaine Mai, Judy C Young, Zhong Zheng, Surinder Kaur, Mark Merchant, Thomas Gelzleichter, Mally Romero, Ihsan Nijem, Christophe Severin Mol Cancer Ther . 2014 Feb;13(2):540-52. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-13-0494.
Onartuzumab, a humanized, monovalent monoclonal anti-MET antibody, antagonizes MET signaling by inhibiting binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We investigated the effects of onartuzumab on cell-associated and circulating (shed) MET (sMET) and circulating HGF in vitro and nonclinically to determine their utility as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for onartuzumab. Effects of onartuzumab on cell-associated MET were assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. sMET and HGF were measured in cell supernatants and in serum or plasma from multiple species (mouse, cynomolgus monkey, and human) using plate-based immunoassays. Unlike bivalent anti-MET antibodies, onartuzumab stably associates with MET on the surface of cells without inducing MET internalization or shedding. Onartuzumab delayed the clearance of human xenograft tumor-produced sMET from the circulation of mice, and endogenous sMET in cynomolgus monkeys. In mice harboring MET-expressing xenograft tumors, in the absence of onartuzumab, levels of human sMET correlated with tumor size, and may be predictive of MET-expressing tumor burden. Because binding of sMET to onartuzumab in circulation resulted in increasing sMET serum concentrations due to reduced clearance, this likely renders sMET unsuitable as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for onartuzumab. There was no observed effect of onartuzumab on circulating HGF levels in xenograft tumor-bearing mice or endogenous HGF in cynomolgus monkeys. Although sMET and HGF may serve as predictive biomarkers for MET therapeutics, these data do not support their use as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for onartuzumab.
2. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Potent, Selective, and Bioavailable AKT Kinase Degraders
Xian Chen, Kaitlyn M Cahuzac, Xufen Yu, Jing Liu, Yudao Shen, Jian Jin, Ramon E Parsons, Li Wang, Jia Xu, Ling Xie J Med Chem . 2021 Dec 23;64(24):18054-18081. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01476.
The serine/threonine kinase AKT functions as a critical node of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) signaling pathway. Aberrant activation and overexpression of AKT are strongly correlated with numerous human cancers. To date, only two AKT degraders with no structure-activity relationship (SAR) results have been reported. Through extensive SAR studies on various linkers, E3 ligase ligands, and AKT binding moieties, we identified two novel and potent AKT proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degraders: von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-recruiting degrader13(MS98) and cereblon (CRBN)-recruiting degrader25(MS170). These two compounds selectively induced robust AKT protein degradation, inhibited downstream signaling, and suppressed cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, these two degraders exhibited good plasma exposure levels in mice through intraperitoneal injection. Overall, our comprehensive SAR studies led to the discovery of degraders13and25, which are potentially useful chemical tools to investigate biological and pathogenic functions of AKT in vitro and in vivo.
