1. Analytical methods for the determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propandiol and 2-chloro-1,3-propandiol in hydrolysed vegetable protein, seasonings and food products using gas chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry
C G Hamlet Food Addit Contam. 1998 May-Jun;15(4):451-65.doi: 10.1080/02652039809374666.
The EC Scientific Committee for Foods and more recently the Food Advisory Committee in the UK have proposed that levels of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in foods and ingredients should be reduced to the lowest possible. This paper reports on the development of methods for the determination of parts-per-billion (microgram/kg) levels of 3-MCPD in hydrolysed vegetable protein (HVP), flour, bread, meat and starch products using gas chromatography/ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS/MS). Mass spectrometer conditions for detecting 3-MCPD and the stable isotope internal standard (3-chloro-1,2-propandiol-d7) were established. Candidate extraction methods were initially evaluated for recovery and repeatability by spiking selected commodities at a level of 100 micrograms/kg. Extracts of ingredients and foods prepared by the candidate extraction methods were examined by GC/ITMS/MS using samples spiked at a level of 25 micrograms/kg. The results showed that detection limits of between 3 and 5 micrograms/kg could be achieved for all commodities.
2. 1,3-Propandiol production by engineered Hansenula polymorpha expressing dha genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae
Won-Kyung Hong, Chul-Ho Kim, Sun-Yeon Heo, Lian Hua Luo, Baek-Rock Oh, Dina Rairakhwada, Jeong-Woo Seo Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2011 Feb;34(2):231-6.doi: 10.1007/s00449-010-0465-z.Epub 2010 Sep 7.
Currently, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) is an important chemical widely used in polymer production, but its availability is being restricted owing to its expensive chemical synthesis. A methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was engineered by expression of dhaB1, dhaB2, dhaB3, dhaB(RA1) and dhaB(RA2) encoding glycerol dehydratase complex and dhaT encoding 1,3-PD oxidoreductase from Klebsiella pneumoniae under direction of promoter of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The engineered recombinant yeast strain can produce 1,3-PD from glucose (2.4 g L(-1)) as well as glycerol (0.8 g L(-1)), which might lead to a safe and cost-effective method for industrial production of 1,3-PD from various biomass resources.
3. Studies on the environmental fate, ecotoxicology and toxicology of 2-methyl 1,3-propanediol
J Fowles, C Lewis, E Rushton Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;91:240-248.doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.031.Epub 2017 Oct 28.
2-methyl 1,3-propandiol (MPD) is a low molecular weight, colorless glycol used in polymer and coating applications. The log Kow of -0.6 suggests partitioning to aqueous phases with a low concern for possible bioaccumulation. MPD was found to be inherently biodegradable. Ecotoxicological results in several aquatic and terrestrial species found no significant hazard potential. MPD is rapidly absorbed via the oral and dermal routes, metabolized to 3-hydroxybutyrate, and excreted in urine with a half-life of 3.6 h. Acute toxicity testing found low toxicity via all routes. Barely perceptible skin irritation was observed in human volunteers, whereas there was no evidence of irritation in rabbits. Skin sensitization in Guinea pigs was negative. Human skin patch results indicated minimal response in about 1% of individuals. There was no evidence of mutagenicity using bacterial and mammalian test systems. A 90-day oral study in rats found no adverse effects at any dose. Three developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits, found no treatment-related maternal toxicity, fetal toxicity or malformations. A two-generation reproduction study in rats found no consistent treatment-related adverse effects on reproduction in either generation. No carcinogenicity studies with MPD were identified. MPD presents a low degree of toxicological and ecotoxicological or environmental hazard.
