Azido-PEG3-phosphonic acid ethyl ester

Conjugation of drugs to polymers is a widely used approach to gain control over the release of therapeutics. In this contribution, salicylic acid, a multipurpose model drug, is conjugated to the biocompatible poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx). The drug is attached to the side chains of a polymer carrier through a hydrolytically cleavable ester linker, via a sequential postpolymerization modification. The chemical modulation of this ester, i.e., by primary or secondary alcohols, is demonstrated to greatly influence the ester hydrolysis rate. This crucial parameter allows us to tune the in vitro kinetics of the sustained drug release for periods exceeding a month in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The synthetic accessibility of the cleavable linker, together with the modularity of the drug release rate offered by this approach, highlights the utility of this class of polymers in the field of long-lasting drug delivery systems for persistent and chronic disease treatment.

There is currently growing attention being paid to the role of elevated triglycerides (TGs) as important mediators of residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. This role is supported by genetic studies and by the persistent residual risk of ASCVD, even after intensive statin therapy. Although TG lowering drugs have shown conflicting results when tested in cardiovascular outcome trials, data from the REDUCE-IT study with the ethyl ester of ω-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have revived hope in this area of research. The aim of the present review is to critically discuss the most recent large trials with ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) trying to elucidate mechanistic and trial-related differences, as in the case of REDUCE-IT and STRENGTH studies. The ω-3 FAs may lower cardiovascular risk through a number of pleiotropic mechanisms, e.g., by lowering blood pressure, by mediating antithrombotic effects, by providing precursors for the synthesis of specialized proresolving mediators that can inhibit inflammation or by modulating the lipid rafts enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. In conclusion, in a field fraught with uncertainties, the ω-3 FAs and especially high dose icosapent ethyl (the ethyl ester of EPA) are at present a most valuable therapeutic option to reduce the ASCVD risk.

This article reports the deliverables of the experimental study on the production of a completely renewable biofuel from Manilkara zapota fruit and seed oil. It was attempted to synthesis ethyl ester from Manilkara zapota seed oil using bioethanol synthesized from decayed Manilkara zapota fruit. Bioethanol was produced through fermentation of decayed Manilkara zapota fruit, waste skin, and pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then distilled at 72°C. The bioethanol yield was noted as 10.45% (v/w). The 95.09% pure bioethanol and 4.9% water molecules were present in the distilled sample. Mechanically extracted raw Manilkara zapota seed oil was used for ethyl ester conversion. The molar ratio of bioethanol to oil, the quantity of KOH, and process temperature were investigated for the maximum yield of Manilkara zapota ethyl ester. A 9:1 molar ratio of bioethanol to oil, 1.5% (w/w) KOH, and 70°C process temperature were identified as enhanced ethanolysis process parameters. The maximum yield of ethyl ester was identified as 93.1%. Physicochemical characteristics of Manilkara zapota oil, bioethanol, and ethyl ester were measured as per the corresponding ASTM standards. It was found that both Manilkara Zapota ethyl ester and bioethanol synthesized from decayed Manilkara zapota fruit could be promising substitutes for fossil diesel and gasoline.